![]() Tolai hare, while leopard activity did not dip to the same low level of wild boar during Was positive overlap between leopards and their prey species, including roe deer and Scrofa) and tolai hare (Lepus tolai) were evidently lunar phobic, with high and low temporal activity during the full moon, respectively. ![]() On the contrary, roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) exhibited lunar philic activity, while wild boar (Sus Phases (especially the last quarter) and lower during the new moon phase. Philic or lunar phobic, their temporal activity was highest during the brighter moon We found that nocturnal activities of leopards were irregular during four different lunar phases, and while not strictly lunar Pattern of North China leopards (Panthera pardus japonensis) in Shanxi Tieqiaoshan In this study, we usedĪ dataset from 102 camera traps to explore which factors are related to the activity The nocturnal activities of predators and prey are influenced by several factors, including physiological adaptations, habitat quality and, we suspect, corresponds toĬhanges in brightness of moonlight according to moon phase. For example, brighter nights seem to inhibit the activity of ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) (Leonard et al., 2020), two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus) (De Miranda et al., 2020), and red muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak) (Rahman & Mardiastuti, 2021), while for other species, such as cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) (Broekhuis et al., 2014), bobcats (Lynx rufus) (Leonard et al., 2020), Bawean deer (Axis kuhlii) (Rahman & Mardiastuti, 2021), Indian hare (Lepus nigricollis) (Bhatt et al., 2021), and some nocturnal birds (Pérez-Granados & Schuchmann, 2021), brighter nights yield increased activity. On the contrary, the "visual acuity hypothesis" (Huck et al., 2017 Pratas-Santiago et al., 2017) states that the brightness of a full moon provides "visually oriented" prey species heightened chance to forage and/or detect danger, with the result that they are expected to be more active during the full moon, showing "lunar philic" activity-in other words preferring brighter moon phases (Fernández Moya et al., 2021). Therefore, predator-prey ecology in the tropics can be modulated by subtle changes in environmental conditions. We showed that even moderate seasonal variation in temperature can influence the relationship between a keystone tropical forest predator and a dominant prey item. We suggest that the first ensured low detectability conditions for sloths foraging at night and the second posed a thermally unsuitable climate that forced sloths to forage under riskier daylight. bright moonshine) and positively affected by seasonally cool temperatures. Results: Here we show that sloth predation by harpy eagles was negatively affected by nocturnal ambient light (i.e. We analysed the effects of climatic conditions and vegetation phenology on the prey species profile of harpy eagles using generalised linear mixed models. For each predation event, field assistants systematically recorded the species killed. Telemetered harpy eagles were seen hunting and feeding on individual prey species. Methods: Our study was conducted between 20 at Soberanía National Park, Panamá. This effort incidentally enabled us to understand the prey profile of harpy eagles over multiple seasons. This motivated a comprehensive effort to reintroduce this species into parts of Mesoamerica. The harpy eagle is considered Near Threatened. Yet the role of environmental variables on the regulation of predator-prey interactions between sloths and harpy eagles are unknown. The harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja) is a sloth-specialist and exerts strong top-down control over its prey species. Sloths are largely or strictly nocturnal, and depend on crypsis to avoid predation. In tropical forests, sloths are the arboreal vertebrate attaining the greatest biomass density, but their capacity to regulate body temperature is limited, relying on behavioural adaptations to thermoregulate. For species with limited ability to control core body temperature, even mild climatic variation can determine major behavioural outcomes, such as foraging and predator avoidance. However, tropical forests are only weakly seasonal compared with temperate and boreal regions. Background: Climate plays a key role in the life histories of tropical vertebrates.
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